The John Peter Zenger Trial

John Peter Zenger was born in Germany in 1697. He immigrated to New York with his family in 1710. His father died during the voyage, and his mother, Joanna, was left to support him and his two siblings. At the age of 13, Zenger was apprenticed for eight years to the prominent printer William Bradford who is known as the pioneer printer of the middle colonies. They would form a brief partnership after the apprenticeship before Zenger decided to open his own printing shop in 1726. When Zenger would be later brought to trial, Bradford would remain neutral in the case.   Zenger Approached by Former Chief Justice Zenger was approached by Lewis Morris, a chief justice who had been removed from the bench by Governor William Cosby after he ruled against him. Morris and his associates created the â€Å"Popular Party† in opposition to Governor Cosby and needed a newspaper to help them spread the word. Zenger agreed to print their paper as the New York Weekly Journal. Zenger Arrested for Seditious Libel At first, the governor ignored the newspaper which made claims against the governor including his having arbitrarily removed and appointed judges without consulting the legislature. However, once the paper began to grow in popularity, he decided to put  a stop to it.  Zenger was arrested and a formal charge of seditious libel was made against him on November 17, 1734. Unlike today where libel is only proven when the published information is not only false but intended to harm the individual, libel at this time was defined as holding the king or his agents up to public ridicule. It did not matter how true the printed information was. Despite the charge, the governor was unable to sway a grand jury. Instead, Zenger was arrested based on prosecutors’ â€Å"information,† a way to circumvent the grand jury. Zengers case was taken before a jury. Zenger Defended by Andrew Hamilton Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, a Scottish lawyer who would eventually settle in Pennsylvania. He was not related to Alexander Hamilton. However, he was important in later Pennsylvania history, having helped design Independence Hall. Hamilton took the case on pro bono. Zengers original lawyers had been stricken from the attorneys list due to the corruption that surrounded the case. Hamilton was able to successfully argue to the jury that Zenger was allowed to print things as long as they were true. In fact, when he was not allowed to prove that the claims were true through evidence, he was able to eloquently argue to the jury that they saw the evidence in their everyday lives and therefore didnt need additional proof. Results of the Zenger Case The result of the case did not create a legal precedent because a jury’s verdict does not change the law. However, it had a huge impact on the colonists who saw the importance of a free press to hold the government power in check. Hamilton was lauded by New York colonial leaders for his successful defense of Zenger. Nonetheless, individuals would continue to be punished for publishing information harmful to the government until state constitutions and later the US Constitution in the Bill of Rights would guarantee a free press. Zenger continued to publish the New York Weekly Journal until his death in 1746. His wife continued to publish the paper after his death. When his eldest son, John, took over the business he only continued to publish the paper for three more years.

Live a Dream to Face Reality in Raisin in the Sun Essay

Living a dream is only a way out of facing reality. Both Raisin in the sun and I have a dream speech relate more than just the words written on the page, But a deeper connection laying further than the eyes can see. Both are remarkable works of literature. They are similar because both works bring up the topic of racial injustice, the american dream and equality.They no longer want to be the words nobody cared to listen to, or simply the dried out raisin in the sun. My first point, In the I have a Dream Speech that doctor Martin Luther King Jr. presented he brought up the topic of racial injustice. â€Å" One hundred years later, the life of the negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation(King,1). The younger†¦show more content†¦Just like walter did. Both of them were very ambitious and that is why they can relate so much. They both want to be able to walk down the street and not turn everyone’s head, Be able to say what’s on their mind with out being judged. The meaning of the American dream is far more than the words itself. That is why the novel Raisin in and the sun and the i have dream relate, The characters want to strive for better just like mlkj, and live the American dream. Last but not least, Both literary works bring up the subject of equality. Although, the raisin in the sun brings it up a little more indirectly. For example, George Murchinson, A rich black man who referred to Walter has prometheus. â€Å" And the only people in the world who are more snobbish than rich white people are rich colored people†(1.1.264). Walter did not understand what made him more different than George other than money. Just like Martin Doctor Luther King jr. wanted to know what made the negroes different other than the color of ones skin.† When will we be satisfied?† The question mlkj asked. Probably a question that can never be answered because there can always be better. 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A Raisin in the Sun and The Cuban Swimmer both share common themes

Electronic Commerce Environment

Question: Identify the basic elements of the technology infrastructure used to conduct electronic business. Explain the basic communications and network concepts used in electronic commerce and the basic functioning of the Internet and the World Wide Web. Outline the considerations for marketing on the World Wide Web and creating an effective Web presence. Use technology and information resources to research issues in fundamentals of e-business. Write clearly and concisely about fundamentals of e-business using proper writing mechanics.? Answer: Overview The concept of e-commerce and e-retailing is the most hyped and trendiest business function in todays era. It is particularly effective in reaching a global market and conduct a huge amount of business in a faster yet hassle free way. Our Company JSB Apparels is located at the Jersey Shore Boardwalk. It is a young fashion brand that is now available online to target the American market and consists of all the latest functions to provide the customers unique online shopping experience. It is now a question of ethical dilemma as Mr. X offered $ 1000 to buy the domain name that brings a lot of cyber ethics issues that might hamper the store reputation and the business in general. Also, a marketing strategy has to devise to achieve the greatest sales through the online portal and promote the web presence. Ethical Dilemmas Internet and E-commerce provide the Company with a dynamic presence. The products are advertised, sold and paid electronically without their need for a human being to conduct the process. Since the World Wide Web is a large network, the website or e-commerce site is exposed to thousands of people around the world. This information is available at almost no cost, and it can update instantly. But this exposure and openness puts the company in a vulnerable position as people with knowledge of technologies could utilize the opportunity to commit crimes and use it for selfish reasons. Hence when considering the concept of selling the domain name to a person, the process comprises a whole lot of negative implications (Chen, 2009). The Domain name signifies what the site is supposed to do. It is a short description of Company, and the company has already derived much success and recognition through the existing domain name. Selling it would mean providing an opportunity to use that domain name and the popularity of the site to drive success from ones own business. Other ethical and moral implications are web spoofing, cybersquatting, privacy invasion, online piracy and email spamming (Pwebs.net, 2015). The unethical use of domain name to conduct fraudulent activities or extort money is a common practice. Trademark is infringed, and personal and financial detail of the customers is also obtained. Spamming degrades the company image. All of these amounts to a loss of reputation and huge financial loss. Hence, companies like JSB Apparels must take actions to prevent or protect the software from any kind of ethical harm (Hess, 2003). Assigning of copyright, suing under the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (1999), generating hacking alerts or buying of new domain and changing of website names are some strategies to adopt prevention and protection. Also, companies must take a new marketing activity to promote the original website and remove any allegations through honest public relation activities. Functions of the e-commercial site The website provides some of functions that each possesses an inherent quality to provide the customers with a unique experience, ease of shopping and convenience. This function not only makes the software more usable and productive but also benefits and helps the customer and creates a reputation for the company (Laudon Traver, 2002). The catalogue display showcases all the products and variants that are available, and customers can check out the items and compare the prices. They can also see the description of design and material. These way customers do not have to visit a lot of stores and can easily understand what the company offers and can thus save their choices or directly buy it. Companies can exhibit a wide number of products to a wide number of people simultaneously. Hence, time and labour is to be saved by individuals who exhibits and helps out the customers in making their choices at the physical store (Kim, 2012). The shopping cart is virtual, and one can add as much item as one wants to. It does not require the physical labour of dragging the cart and customers could easily visit the shopping card and remove items and add new ones or even replace. Also, as soon one add an item to the cart the price required to be paid is displayed which saves a lot of time and the customers could assess their budget easily. Hence, these companies are not burdened with customer queries and exchange of items or replacing of products. The traffic at the cash counter can also beavoided. The transaction process is virtual, and the software does the calculation process. A receipt is automatically generated which is authentic and secures both the seller and the customer. It is easy for the company to count the sales keep tracks of the transactions. Other features like verification mark make sure that the website is authentic customers feel it safe to shop from it. Saving options, tracking options are featured that help the customers to keep a tab on the product and buy the items only when they can afford it. Also, they could track the orders. This way the company gains consumer trust and can utilize it for market expansion and retaining sales. Improving Web Presence A company must possess web presences that it does not lose out on a large source of profit. With the advancement in the field of internet marketing and people flocking into the worldwide and conducting various searches it is essential that the website is popular and known among the people so that they can avail its service. This website must be attractive, productive and easy to use so that it generates more customer presence and eventually sales. Hence, there is a need for improvement of the website to achieve web presence (MacDonald, 2009). The tactics that is to be applied is first buying an available, authentic, non-ambiguous domain name. Then one must purchase a hosting service. Next it is the task of assigning a web designer who will create a professional yet attractive website and add features. The usability of the websites should be ensured. This means that there should be neat and clean graphic and layout for easy navigation. A path must be provided to the visitors to follow. Next keywords are to be chosen to conduct Search Engine Optimization so that the link of the web address readily appears on search (Meng, 2010). Security and Privacy is another factor that must be kept in mind and hence the website must be verified and carry a verification mark (McAfee Secure or VeriSign) to convince visitors. Use of Google analytics will provide the number of website visits. Another essential factor is offering a clear checkout option so that customers find the whole process gradual simplified steps and can easily move out of options. This would ensure repeat visit and will create the desired web presence. Web marketing strategy To gain an advantage of the website usability and ensure web presence, a web marketing strategy has to be applied. It will ensure that the potential and extent customers of the company are reached through the e-commerce site (Janoschka, 2004). The Target Audience The target audience is the youth and the middle-aged. The two segments will have moderate disposable income and would love shopping. It would be bulk purchase and they might or might not be brand loyal. Segment 1- they are between 14 to 30 years of age. Survives on pocket money or own earnings. Loves to shop and might or might not be brand loyal. Segment 2- they are between 20 to 30 years of age. They have their disposable income. They also love to shop a verity of clothes. They do not believe in a bulk purchase but are quite brand loyal. These segments are to be reached through direct mails on existing customers e-mail ids or advertising on the social media sites like Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest and Twitter. Advertisements can also be provided through Television as this are media options to which the segments are, most exposed for a long period. Web advertisements The websites could be linked to other directories or with partner companies. Blogs, articles and social media are also sources of a link through which one can directly go to the website. Submitting an online Press release is effective in letting the people know about the website or any changes. Google ad words and pop ups or pop downs are relevant web advertisement options that can be widely used by JSB Apparels. This would also help in studying the number of visits or gain from the pay-per-clicks . Conclusion The e-commerce sector is one of the most beneficial sectors but one must be aware of the ethics and legal obligations of running an e-commerce website. Also the website must be developed with updated software that holds multiple features to provide usability to the customers. It is essential to build a web presence and create user-friendly functions to provide a unique experience and generate effective sales. Hence there is need of advertising the e-commerce store in TV and on the internet as well to foster the growth of JSB Apparel. References Chen, C. (2009). Information-oriented Online Shopping Behavior in Electronic Commerce Environment.JSW,4(4). doi:10.4304/jsw.4.4.307-314 Hess, G. (2003). Combating Online Software Piracy.Journal Of Internet Commerce,2(3), 3-10. doi:10.1300/j179v02n03_02 Idimages.com,. (2015).Improving Your Company's Web Presence | I.D. Images. Retrieved 4 August 2015, from https://www.idimages.com/t-improving-company-web-presence.aspx Janoschka, A. (2004).Web advertising. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Kim, H. (2012).Advances in technology and management. Berlin: Springer. Laudon, K., Traver, C. (2002).E-commerce. Boston: Addison Wesley. MacDonald, M. (2009).Creating a web site. Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. Meng, X. (2010). Study on Combining of E-commerce and E-marketing.JSW,5(5). doi:10.4304/jsw.5.5.546-553 Pwebs.net,. (2015).Internet Marketing Ethics and Web Ethical Issues Professional Web Services - Internet Marketing, Website SEO, and Online Advertising Services. Retrieved 4 August 2015, from https://pwebs.net/i/internet-ethics/ Zheng, X. (2012). Information-based Study of E-Commerce Website Design Course.JSW,7(12). doi:10.4304/jsw.7.12.2794-2799

Living Life Essay Example For Students

Living Life Essay To conquer ones fears, one must see past them. To fear is natural; to see past them is heroic. Fear is normal additive to life; symbolizing that there are new, sometimes extraordinary things to come, to face. To be able to see these things before they happen is a sign of wisdom. To see past them is a sign of leadership and boldness. Fear is nothing out of the ordinary. To recognize that one fears is to recognize that one values his life. Heeding the initial call of fear is something all men should do. But to truly be the leader; to truly be one who is heroic and bold, is to focus on getting past these fears. It goes without saying that to feel is to be wrought with fear. And not all fear is negative by nature. To be afraid is cowardice. But to fear is to have a true grasp for what one feels. How humans today can go through life ignoring fear is a frightful concept. Too many times and way too often to human individuals forget their heart and step into life without responsibility. The foundation of successfully getting past ones fears in a responsible and valuable manner is to have hope. Hope is what makes ones life continue forward. Setting goals for ones self is fine, but impossible to reach without hope. Many humans believe that hope is what creates disappointment; a sad belief to have. For hope provides one with the ability to project success in ones mind, aids in ones acceptance of ones faults and to know that challenges lie ahead, and provides the strength needed to remain appropriately focused on reaching ones goals. Hope provides one with trust, healthy and responsible anticipation, and gives one optimism. Hope does not create disappointment, expectation does. For when one expects, one ignorantly narrows ones focus. Expectation is what creates disappointment by causing each expectant individual to feel pessimistic with failure, impatient with new fears and challenges, and immature and uneducated when their narrow scope of goal achieving goes awry. Hope brings ones focus on goal achieving into a broader view allowing one to see new fears and challenges and helping one to prepare. To be born is to live. To live is to fear. To fear is to be challenged. To accept ones fears is to be mature and be challenged. To face ones fears and accept the challenges is boldness. And to hope for the best is to be focused, bold, mature, challenged, and alive. Preparation, therefore, becomes an important idea. One would never enter into battle without armament and weapon. So why should one enter into responsible living without it? The saying goes, that one should always hope for the best and prepare for the worse. Notice, however, that the saying does not say to hope for the best or prepare for the worse. For with responsible living comes failure. Not necessarily complete failure, but certainly failures. Does failure mean giving up? No. If one was to walk down an unfamiliar sidewalk and trip and fall due to a large crack, should one never walk down the same sidewalk? For with failure comes even more wisdom and knowledge. And as many great men have said in the past, knowledge is power. Now one knows of the crack in the sidewalk and can be better prepared to face it when one walks down the same sidewalk. Preparation, therefore, is a necessity for living. Now, ones stature in life, ones career, ones financial situation, ones possessions never make the man. It is in the heart, with the wise and mature use of the mind, that makes the man. To ignore ones heart is to ignore ones true feelings; ones true fears. If one is faced with a life that is poor by todays standards, then one must work harder to use ones heart and mind. Never should ones stature, career, finances, or possessions lead their motives for living nor should they become ones goals. Too often humans accept the life they are handed without thinkingwithout feeling. But the one who sees his position on this planet as a human, faces his adversity, and makes a heart felt, conscious decision to set goals, have hope, and move forward is the one who conquers life in it of itself. The Clown Of 12Th Night, Feste EssayHe lived because He was alive and because He knew His purpose and He had set goals. As each human is born, each human has a new task: To live. To live in the right, one must find out who one is by nature. This is the process by which one accepts new wisdom and knowledge. By exploring and taking advantage of the resources this planet has to offer, one because stronger in nature and in whom he is in talent. It is by focusing on who one is that brings in new fear. And it is by facing and accepting and choosing to move forward through ones fear that one is able to see where one can be in life. Never should an individual go only so far as to know and to understand who one is by nature and then to wait. Life, as a whole, is out there; ripe for the taking and ready to be challenged. For it is by accepting ones own individual challenges in ones individual life that one, thereby, challenges life. To take into heart, to accept in the mind, and to choose to move toward the goals set, in faith, will one truly have invested what has been invested in him. With age comes experience and with experience comes knowledge and understanding. No one individual is ever completed with his or her growth. For the wisest of all men has death to face. And with death imminent for all, one will still have to face fear till the very end of ones existence. So to take what one learns through life and to press on towards the goals set will one begin to face new, challenging, and sometimes even exciting new fears. Life will never complete itself until one has completed the life he is given. Therefore it is incredibly irresponsible to merely accept death as the imminent future, settle into a comfort zone naught of challenge, and to merely exist. Could a better definition of waste be drawn? It is each and everyones responsibility to know who he is. And it is, therefore, each and everyones responsibility to take what he has as genetic tools to better his life and to better the lives of others. For if all accepted individuality and accepted the individuality of others, then all would have the same empathy for one another. This is harmony; the ideal nature of life by which life is then lived. To live in harmony with one another is but a simple step forward in ones thinking. Once one has recognized ones individuality, accepted ones fears, and chosen to set goals and move forward with the important aid of hope, will one have truly conquered living life. Knowing that life truly is short and can only be lived once is probably the best line of thinking for inspiration. All humans live on a large planet, filled with exciting new experiences, adventures, knowledge, and a wealth of resources to help one with gaining wisdom and knowledge. To realize this and to allow life to take place in this is to responsibly live life. Are all humans bound for foreign lands, foreign thought, or foreign experiences? No. Should all humans hope to experience foreign lands, foreign thought, and foreign experiences? Without question. Having a responsible, reasonable, and mature grasp, mentally, of all that is out there to enhance ones experience in life, is one of the greatest blessings one can bestow upon himself. For knowing that the tools one has through birth need to be used and practiced with; sharpened and prepared for more difficult and challenging use, does one truly and actively approach living life from a strong foundation. Why should anyone try to live life in a constant motion towards becoming greater, becoming stronger, and becoming wiser and more educated? Why not? For facing life with arms crossed, brow furrowed, and expectation as a rule is, without question, a waste. Living life is all about striving forward. So why not do what one can, utilizing ones God-given tools, to become the greatest individual one can be? Live. Accept. Face. Strive. Truly live.